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<title>Data aggregation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data aggregation</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Data aggregation</b> is the compiling of <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> from <a href="Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">databases</a> with intent to prepare combined datasets for <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> explains that, “when data are well documented, you know how and where to look for information and the results you return will be what you expect.”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source information for data aggregation may originate from public records and <a href="Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> databases. The information is packaged into aggregate reports and then sold to <a href="Business" title="Business">businesses</a>, as well as to <a href="Local_government" title="Local government">local</a>, <a href="State_government" title="State government">state</a>, and government agencies. This information can also be useful for <a href="Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> purposes. In the United States, many data brokers' activities fall under the <a href="Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a> (FCRA) which regulates <a href="Credit_bureau" title="Credit bureau">consumer reporting agencies</a>. The agencies then gather and package personal information into <a href="Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> reports that are sold to <a href="Creditor" title="Creditor">creditors</a>, <a href="Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">employers</a>, <a href="Insurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurer">insurers</a>, and other businesses.

</p><p>Various reports of information are provided by database aggregators. Individuals may request their own consumer reports which contain basic <a href="Biographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographical">biographical</a> information such as name, date of birth, current address, and phone number. Employee <a href="Background_check" title="Background check">background check</a> reports, which contain highly detailed information such as past addresses and length of residence, <a href="Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> <a href="Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licenses</a>, and criminal history, may be requested by eligible and qualified third parties. Not only can this data be used in employee background checks, but it may also be used to make decisions about insurance coverage, pricing, and law enforcement. <a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a> activists argue that database aggregators can provide erroneous information.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_Internet">Role of the Internet</h2></div>

<p>The potential of the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to consolidate and manipulate information has a new application in data aggregation, also known as <i>screen scraping</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Internet gives users the opportunity to consolidate their <a href="Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">usernames</a> and <a href="Password" title="Password">passwords</a>, or PINs. Such consolidation enables consumers to access a wide variety of PIN-protected <a href="Website" title="Website">websites</a> containing <a href="Personal_data" title="Personal data">personal information</a> by using one master PIN on a single website. Online account providers include <a href="Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> and more specifically banks and other financial intermediaries, <a href="Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> and frequent flyer and other reward programs, and <a href="E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> accounts. Data aggregators can gather account or other information from designated websites by using account holders' PINs, and then making the users' account information available to them at a single website operated by the aggregator at an account holder's request. Aggregation services may be offered on a standalone basis or in conjunction with other financial services, such as <a href="Portfolio_(finance)" title="Portfolio (finance)">portfolio</a> tracking and <a href="Bill_(payment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (payment)">bill</a> payment provided by a specialized website, or as an additional service to augment the online presence of an enterprise established beyond the virtual world. Many established companies with an Internet presence appear to recognize the value of offering an aggregation service to enhance other web-based services and attract visitors. Offering a data aggregation service to a website may be attractive because of the potential that it will frequently draw users of the service from the hosting website.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_business_data_aggregation">Local business data aggregation</h2></div>

<p>When it comes to compiling location information on local businesses, there are several major data aggregators that collect information such as the business name, address, phone number, website, description and hours of operation. They then validate this information using various validation methods. Once the business information has been verified to be accurate, the data aggregators make it available to publishers like <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="Yelp" title="Yelp">Yelp</a>.

</p><p>When Yelp, for example, goes to update their Yelp listings, they will pull data from these local data aggregators. Publishers take local business data from different sources and compare it to what they currently have in their database. They then update their database it with what information they deem accurate.

</p><p>The four major data aggregators for local business search are Acxiom, Infogroup, <a href="Localeze" title="Localeze">Localeze</a> and Factual.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020, Acxiom will no longer be acting as a data aggregator. Foursquare takes the place of Acxiom in four primary data aggregators.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_implications">Legal implications</h2></div>

<p>Financial institutions are concerned about the possibility of <a href="Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> arising from data aggregation activities, potential <a href="Security" title="Security">security</a> problems, infringement on <a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights and the possibility of diminishing traffic to the institution's website. The aggregator and financial institution may agree on a data feed arrangement activated on the customer's request, using an Open Financial Exchange (OFX) standard to request and deliver information to the site selected by the customer as the place from which they will view their account data. Agreements provide an opportunity for institutions to negotiate to protect their customers' interests and offer aggregators the opportunity to provide a robust service. Aggregators who agree with information providers to extract data without using an OFX standard may reach a lower level of consensual relationship; therefore, "screen scraping" may be used to obtain account data, but for business or other reasons, the aggregator may decide to obtain prior consent and negotiate the terms on which customer data is made available. "Screen scraping" without consent by the content provider has the advantage of allowing subscribers to view almost any and all accounts they happen to have opened anywhere on the Internet through one website.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outlook">Outlook</h2></div>

<p>Over time, the transfer of large amounts of account data from the account provider to the aggregator's server could develop into a comprehensive profile of a user, detailing their banking and <a href="Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> transactions, balances, securities transactions and portfolios, and <a href="Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> history and preferences. As the sensitivity to data protection considerations grows, it is likely there will be a considerable focus on the extent to which data aggregators may seek to use this data either for their own use or to share it with third parties and operator(s) of the website on which the service is offered.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFStanley,_JaySteinhardt,_Barry2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Jay; Steinhardt, Barry (January 2003). "Bigger Monster, Weaker Chains: The Growth of an American Surveillance Society". American Civil Liberties Union.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/data-management/why-manage-data/">"Why Does Data Need to be Managed?"</a>. <i>USGS</i>. 2022-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPierce,_DeborahAckerman,_Linda2005" class="citation web cs1">Pierce, Deborah; Ackerman, Linda (2005-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319220412/http://www.privacyactivism.org/docs/DataAggregatorsStudy.html">"Data Aggregators: A Study of Data Quality and Responsiveness"</a>. Privacyactivism.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privacyactivism.org/docs/DataAggregatorsStudy.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Oostenrijk2004" class="citation journal cs1">van Oostenrijk, Alex (2004). "Screen scraping web services". <i>The Netherlands: Radboud University of Nijmegen, Department of Computer Science</i>. Nijmegen.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYuzdepski2016" class="citation web cs1">Yuzdepski, Zachary (16 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vendasta.com/blog/improve-your-local-search-ranking-with-data-aggregators/">"Improve Your Local Search Ranking With Data Aggregators"</a>. <i>Vendasta</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171125191737/https://www.vendasta.com/blog/improve-your-local-search-ranking-with-data-aggregators">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-25.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChessall2020" class="citation web cs1">Chessall, Erica (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vendasta.com/blog/listing-distribution-foursquare-as-a-new-data-aggregator/">"Listing Distribution: Foursquare as a New Data Aggregator"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425235917/https://www.vendasta.com/blog/listing-distribution-foursquare-as-a-new-data-aggregator">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-25.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLedig,_Robert_H.Vartanian,_Thomas_P.2002" class="citation web cs1">Ledig, Robert H.; Vartanian, Thomas P. (2002-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929063551/http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/bmarts/aba_art.htm">"Scrape It, Scrub It and Show It: The Battle Over Data Aggregation"</a>. Fried Frank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/bmarts/aba_art.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-09-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Data_aggregation&oldid=1248517203">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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